Contamination by perfluorinated compounds in water near waste recycling and disposal sites in Vietnam
There are very few reports on the contamina-tion by perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the environ-ment of developing countries, especially regarding their emission fromwaste recycling and disposal sites. This is the first study on the occurrence of a wide range of PFCs (17 compounds) in ambient water in Vietnam, including samples collected from a municipal dumping site (MD), an e-waste recycling site (ER), a battery recycling site (BR) and a rural control site. The highest PFC concen-tration was found in a leachate sample from MD (360 ng/L). The PFC concentrations in ER and BR (mean, 57 and 16 ng/L, respectively) were also signifi-cantly higher than those detected in the rural control site (mean, 9.4 ng/L), suggesting that municipal solid waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment are potential contamination sources of PFCs in Vietnam. In general, the most abundant PFCs were perfluoroocta-noic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFU...